编辑:石家庄环球雅思
词可以有两种使用方法:一种是按本来的意思使用,一种是按引申的意思使用。后一种用法也可说是比喻的或形象的用法,目的在于激发读者或听众的想象。词的比喻用法有很多种,称为修辞格,其中“明喻”和“隐喻”是常用的两种。
1.明喻
用like,as或其他词指出两个截然不同的事物之间相似之处的手法叫明喻。
e.g. ①O my love’s like a red, red rose. ---Robert Burns
②That man can’t be trusted. He’s as slippery as an eel.
③The old man’s hair is as white as snow.
在上面三个例句中,完全不同类别的人和物被放在一起进行比较:女人和玫瑰,男人和鳗鱼,头发和雪。但每一对都有一个共同点:美丽、油滑、白色。正因为被比较的食物有极大的差别,它们的共同点才显得格外鲜明。
2.隐喻
用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一个事物的手法叫隐喻。这也是一种比较,不过这个比较是暗含的,而不用as或like点明。假如Burns把上面引的那个诗句写成O my love’s a red, red rose,省去原有的like这个词,他便是用隐喻而不是明喻了。在改了的这句里,虽然也把my love比作rose,但没用一个词明确指示这个比较,因而rose此处是隐喻用法。同样的,在He is the soul of the team和Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture这两句话中,soul和lifeblood也属隐喻用法。
隐喻不仅仅和be连用,也不只是名词才可以用作隐喻。大家来看以下例句:
e.g. ①The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.
②There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining-hall.
③The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.
④There were a few lordly poplars before the house.
⑤All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.
⑥He often prefaced his remarks by “I can’t help thinking….”
⑦The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows.
上面的例句说明名词、动词、形容词和副词都可以有隐喻用法。阴雨总是暗含比较。以第四句为例,lordly这个词表示房前的白杨树高大挺拔而且庄严,好像古时候的贵族(lord)一样。第六句中的prefaced这个词则把那个人习惯在说话前先说“I can’t help thinking…”比作给书作序。
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